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Identification
The process that enables recognition of an entity by a system, generally by the use of unique machine-readable user names.

IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, a body that creates some cryptography standards.

Impersonation
Occurs when an entity pretends to be someone or something it is not.

Index Calculus
A method used to solve the discrete log problem.

Information Security
The protection of information systems against unauthorized access to or modification of information, whether in storage, processing or transit, and against the denial of service to authorized users or the provision of service to unauthorized users, including those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter such threats.

Information Security Officer (ISO)
The person responsible to the designated high level manager for ensuring that security is provided for and implemented throughout the life-cycle of a MIS from the beginning of the system concept development phase through its design, development, operations, maintenance, and disposal.

Information Systems Security (INFOSEC)
The protection of information assets from unauthorized access to or modification of information, whether in storage, processing, or transit, and against the denial of service to authorized users or the provision of service to unauthorized users, including those measures necessary to detect, document, and counter such threats. INFOSEC reflects the concept of the totality of MIS security. See also: Computer Security.

Integrity
A subgoal of computer security which ensures that: 1) data is a proper representation of information; 2) data retains its original level of accuracy; 3) data remains in a sound, unimpaired, or perfect condition; 3) the MIS perform correct processing operations; and 4) the computerized data faithfully represent those in the source documents and have not been exposed to accidental or malicious alteration or destruction. See also: Data integrity, System integrity.

Interactive Proof
A protocol between two parties in which one party, called the prover, tries to prove a certain fact to the other party, called the verifier. This is usually done in a question response format, where the verifier asks the prover questions that only the prover can answer with a certain success rate.

Interconnected System
An approach in which the network is treated as an interconnection of separately created, managed, and accredited MIS.

Internet
A world-wide "network of networks" that uses Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) for communications.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
An open group of technical people and companies interested in the harmonious operation of the Internet. Most Internet standards such as x.509 come from the IETF.

Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
The default Internet key exchange protocol which enables negotiation of methods (cryptographic parameters) and keys as well as enabling authentication.

Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)
A protocol that authenticates data entering and encrypts data leaving an IPsec enabled computer and is transparent to the user who does not have to purposely invoke cryptographic protections. It consists of two related parts—one which manages authentication and key exchange, the other which handles the bulk encryption process—and is custom built for each operating system.

Intruder
An individual who gains, or attempts to gain, unauthorized access to a computer system or to gain unauthorized privileges on that system. See also: Hacker.

IPsec SA
The second security association negotiated in Internet Key Exchange (IKE) phase 2.

ISO
International Standards Organization, creates international standards, including cryptography standards.

Issuer
A trusted Certificate Authority (CA) who signs (verifies) a digital certificate with his or her private key. The issuer is specified on the digital certificate.

ITAR
International Traffic in Arms Regulations.

ITEF
Internet Engineering Task Force.

ITU-T
International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications standardization sector.